国务院办公厅关于做好强降雨防范工作的通知

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国务院办公厅转发外国投资管理委员会关于执行《中华人民共和国国务院关于管理外国企业常驻代表机构的暂行规定》中若干问题的说明的通知(附英文)

1981年8月3日，国务院

通知
外国投资管理委员会关于执行《中华人民共和国国务院关于管理外国企业常驻代表机构的暂行规定》中若干问题的说明，已经国务院批准，现转发给你们，请参照执行。

说明

《中华人民共和国国务院关于管理外国企业常驻代表机构的暂行规定》（以下简称《暂行规定》）公布后，各审批单位依照《暂行规定》对申请设常驻代表机构的外商进行了审批工作，工商行政管理部门核准了登记，公安机关办理了居留手续，工作进展很快，对外国企业常驻代表机构的管理工作有所加强。但在执行中也遇到了一些问题，需要予以明确或说明。现对《暂行规定》中若干问题说明如下。
一、《暂行规定》第一条中的“其它经济组织”是指从事经济、贸易、技术、金融业务活动，但又不称为公司、企业的组织，还包括如日中经济协会、日本国际贸易促进协会、美中贸易全国委员会、加中贸易理事会等非营利性的经济团体。
二、《暂行规定》第二条；“未经批准、登记的，不得开展常驻业务活动。”是指未经批准、登记的，不得以常驻机构人员的身份从事业务活动；并不准在住处设置外国公司、企业等任何标志。
未经批准登记设立常驻代表机构，擅自以常驻机构人员的身份进行业务活动的，由工商行政管理部门通知其撤销机构并立即停止业务活动。
三、《暂行规定》第三条中外国企业申请设常驻代表机构时应当提交的证件和材料，其中的申请书和授权书必须提交原件；其它证件可提交副本或影印件。“金融机构出具的资本信用证明书”，如外商提交确有困难，可灵活掌握，改为近一年内外商与银行有业务往来的证明即可。
非营利性外国经济团体申请设常驻代表机构时，对《暂行规定》第三条所要求提交的资本信用证明书可以免交。
四、《暂行规定》第四条中的“其它行业”，是指外贸部、中国人民银行、交通部、民航总局批准范围以外的行业，如合作开发石油、煤炭等，按其业务性质，报国务院主管部门批准。
同中国国际贸易促进委员会对口的外国非营利性经济团体申请设常驻代表机构，暂报外贸部审批。外贸部在审批过程中要征求贸促会的意见。
信托投资行业外商申请设常驻代表机构，暂报中国人民银行审批。中国人民银行在审批过程中，要征求中国国际信托投资公司的意见。
五、几个不同行业的外国企业共同申请设一个综合性的常驻代表机构时，向中华人民共和国外国投资管理委员会提出申请，外国投资管理委员会商请有关单位审批。
六、由于当前用房十分紧张，外国企业常驻代表机构的人数、驻在期限，由审批机关根据具体情况，从严控制。住房尚未落实的，不予批准。
一次批准驻在期限最长不超过三年。期满后如需要延长，外国企业应在期满前三个月向审批机关提出申请，经批准后，向工商管理局申请登记。
根据政府间的协定，需要在我国设立的常驻代表（办事）机构，按《暂行规定》办理登记手续，其人数、驻在期限、登记费等，按对等原则处理。
七、批准机关在发给申请单位批准证书的同时，应书面通知工商行政管理总局。工商行政管理部门在登记注册后，应及时通知批准机关，国家外资管委、外交部、公安部、海关总署、财政部税务总局。
属于信托投资行业的外国企业申请设常驻代表机构，在获得批准和登记后，有关部门应同时通知中国国际信托投资公司。
与贸促会对口的非营利性外国经济团体申请设常驻代表机构，在获得批准和登记后，有关部门应同时通知贸促会。
八、《暂行规定》第五条：“逾期没有办理登记手续的，应当缴回原批准证件。”申请人收到批准证件之日起，超过三十天未到工商行政管理部门办理登记手续的，视为自动撤销原申请，已发给的批准证件自动失效，并应缴回原批准机关。
九、《暂行规定》第七条常驻代表机构“驻在地点”的变更，是指在同一城市内地址的变动。但在同一建筑物内房间号的变动，可不视为驻在地点的变更。常驻代表机构应及时将变动情况通知当地有关的主管单位和登记单位。
由于我有关主管部门的要求，需要外国企业常驻代表机构变更驻在地点的，只办理变更登记手续，不收登记费。
十、外国企业常驻代表机构聘请工作人员，应按一九八一年四月六日公安部、外交部、工商行政管理总局、进出口管理委员会、外贸部联合签发的〔81〕公发（政）48号文件规定办理，原则上不得雇用第三国人员和在华没有正式户口的中国人。但如遇特殊情况，经征得当地外事服务部门或劳动部门的同意，也可以聘用第三国公民或港澳地区人员。
十一、一九八○年十二月八日，中华人民共和国工商行政管理总局《关于外国企业常驻代表机构办理登记事项的通知》第四条规定“已经省、市、自治区人民政府或所属主管部门批准的外国企业常驻代表机构或常驻代表”是指国务院一九八○年十月三十日发布《暂行规定》以前批准的外国企业常驻代表机构。《暂行规定》公布以后外国企业申请在华设常驻代表机构，按《暂行规定》办理。
十二、外商申请在北京以外的城市设常驻代表机构，除银行业、航空运输业必须直接向《暂行规定》第四条所列有关主管部门提出申请外，其它行业，应根据其业务性质，分别向所在省、市、自治区的外贸局、交通局或国务院其它主管部、委、局对口的厅、局提出申请，然后由这些部门签署意见，转报《暂行规定》第四条所列有关主管部门审批。
十三、除银行业、航空运输业外，外商申请在广东、福建两省设常驻代表机构的，由省人民政府审批；在深圳、珠海、厦门等经济特区设常驻代表机构的，由省经济特区管理委员会审批。
十四、华侨、港澳同胞、台湾同胞在国外开设的企业要求在国内（包括广东、福建两省及经济特区）设立常驻代表机构，参照《暂行规定》及本说明办理。
十五、《暂行规定》及本说明执行中遇到需要加以解释和解决的问题，由国家外国投资管理委员会负责组织协调处理。

CIRCULAR OF THE GENERAL OFFICE OF THE STATE COUNCIL CONCERNING THETRANSMISSION OF A CLARIFICATION SUBMITTED BY THE COMMISSION FOR THE ADMI-NISTRATION OF FOREIGN INVESTMENTS ON SEVERAL QUESTIONS ON THE IMPLEMENTA-TION OF INTERIM PROVISIONS
OF THE STATE COUNCIL OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLICOF CHINA ON

Important Notice: (注意事项)
英文本源自中华人民共和国务院法制局编译, 中国法制出版社出版的《中华人民共和国涉外法规汇编》(1991年7月版).
当发生歧意时, 应以法律法规颁布单位发布的中文原文为准.
This English document is coming from "LAWS AND REGULATIONS OF THE
PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA GOVERNING FOREIGN-RELATED MATTERS" (1991.7)
which is compiled by the Brueau of Legislative Affairs of the State
Council of the People's Republic of China, and is published by the China
Legal System Publishing House.
In case of discrepancy, the original version in Chinese shall prevail.

Whole Document (法规全文)
CIRCULAR OF THE GENERAL OFFICE OF THE STATE COUNCIL CONCERNING THE
TRANSMISSION OF A CLARIFICATION SUBMITTED BY THE COMMISSION FOR THE ADMI-
NISTRATION OF FOREIGN INVESTMENTS ON SEVERAL QUESTIONS ON THE IMPLEMENTA-
TION OF INTERIM PROVISIONS OF THE STATE COUNCIL OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC
OF CHINA ON THE ADMINISTRATION OF RESIDENT REPRESENTATIVE OFFICES OF
FOREIGN ENTERPRISES
(August 3, 1981)
The clarification submitted by the Commission for the Administration of
Foreign Investments on several questions on the implementation of "Interim
Provisions of the State Council of the People's Republic of China
Governing Resident Representative Offices of Foreign Enterprises", has
been approved by the State Council and is hereby transmitted to you, and
you are requested to implement it accordingly.
A CLARIFICATION OF THE COMMISSION FOR THE ADMINISTRATION OF FOREIGN
INVESTMENTS ON SEVERAL QUESTIONS ON THE IMPLEMENTATION OF INTERIM
PROVISIONS OF THE STATE COUNCIL OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ON THE
ADMINISTRATION OF RESIDENT REPRESENTATIVE OFFICES OF FOREIGN ENTERPRISES
Since the promulgation of the "Interim Provisions of the State Council of
the People's Republic of China Governing Resident Representative Offices
of Foreign Enterprises" (hereinafter referred to as the "Interim
Provisions"), the various examining and approving units have, in
accordance with the "Interim Provisions", examined and approved, the
applications filed by foreign businessmen for the establishment of
resident representative offices, the departments for the administration of
industry and commerce have approved their registration, and the organs of
public security have the performed residence procedures; work in this
respect has made very good progress, and the administrative work
concerning the resident representative offices of foreign enterprises has
been strengthened to some extent. However, in the course of implementing
the "Interim Provisions", there still exist some questions which need to
be defined more sharply or clarified. Now, several questions concerning
the implementation of the "Interim Provisions" are hereby clarified as
follows:
(1) "Other economic organizations", as mentioned in Article 1 of the
"Interim Provisions", refer to those organizations which are engaged in
economic, trade, technological or finance business activities but are not
called companies or enterprises as such, and which also include such
nonprofit economic organizations as the Japanese-Chinese Economic
Association, the Japanese Association for the Promotion of International
Trade, the National Council for American-Chinese Trade Relations, and
Council for Canadian-Chinese Trade Relations.
(2) Article 2 of the "Interim Provisions", which reads: "Those who have
not obtained approval or have not gone through the procedures for
registration shall not be permitted to undertake business operations of
resident offices", means that those who have not obtained approval or have
not gone through the procedures for registration shall not be permitted to
undertake business operations in the capacity of the staff of resident
(representative) offices, and neither shall they be permitted to put up
any sign at their residences that represents foreign companies or
enterprises.
With respect to those who undertake unauthorized business operations in
the capacity of the staff of resident (representative) offices without
going through the proper approval registration procedures for setting up
resident representative offices, the departments for the administration of
industry and commerce shall notify the persons concerned to close down
their resident offices and to stop their business operations forthwith.
(3) With respect to the certifying documents and relevant materials to be
presented by foreign enterprises when applying for the permission to set
up resident representative offices as provided for in Article 3 of the
"Interim Provisions", the written application and the vesting instrument
must be presented in the original and the other certifying documents may
be presented in duplicate or photo copies. As regards "the certificates of
creditworthiness issued by a financial institution", if a foreign
businessman has difficulty providing one, flexibility may be exercised by
requiring the foreign businessman concerned to present certifying
documents indicating business transactions concluded between the foreign
businessman and a bank within the preceding year instead.
When a nonprofit foreign economic organization applies for the permission
to set up its resident representative office, it may be exempt from
presenting the certificate of creditworthiness required in Article 3 of
the "Interim Provisions".
(4) "The other trades", as mentioned in Article 4 of the "Interim
Provisions", refer to those trades such as cooperative exploitation of oil
and coal resources and etc. which are beyond the approving authority of
the Ministry of Foreign Trade, the People's Bank of China, the Ministry of
Communications, and the Civil Aviation Administration of China, and the
parties concerned shall submit their applications to the competent
departments concerned under the State Council for approval in light of the
nature of their businesses.
With respect to those nonprofit foreign economic organizations, which are
the counterparts of the China Council for the Promotion of International
Trade, their applications for the permission to set up resident
representative offices shall, for the time being, be submitted to the
Ministry of Foreign Trade for examination and approval. In the course of
examination and approval, the Ministry of Foreign Trade shall consult
China Council for the Promotion of International Trade.
With respect to foreign businessmen in the trust and investment trade,
their applications for the permission to set up resident representative
offices shall, for the time being, be submitted to the People's Bank of
China for examination and approval. In the course of examination and
approval, the People's Bank of China shall consult the China International
Trust and Investment Corporation.
(5) In the event that several foreign enterprises of different trades
jointly apply for the permission to set up a comprehensive resident
representative office, they shall submit their application to the
Commission for the Administration of Foreign Investments of the People's
Republic of China, and the latter shall examine and approve the
application in consultation with the relevant units.
(6) Owing to the serious shortage of housing at present, a strict control
shall be exercised, by the examining and approving organ in accordance
with the specific conditions, over the number of staff of the proposed
resident representative offices of foreign enterprises and over the
duration of residence. An application for the setting up of a resident
representative office shall not be approved if the problem of housing has
not been solved. The maximum duration of residence, approved on each
occasion, shall not exceed 3 years. On the expiration of this prescribed
period, if it is necessary to have an extension, the foreign enterprise
concerned shall submit anew its application to the examining and approving
organ 3 months before the expiration of the original prescribed duration
of residence. And, after obtaining the approval, the foreign enterprise
concerned shall apply to the department for the administration of industry
and commerce for registration. If resident representative offices are to
be set up in China in accordance with agreement between the Chinese
government and foreign governments, the foreign enterprises concerned
shall go through the procedures for registration in accordance with the
"Interim Provisions", and the number of staff of the proposed resident
representative office, the duration of residence, the registration fees,
etc., shall be handled according to the principle of reciprocity.
(7) The approving organ, while issuing the certificate of approval to the
applying unit, shall notify in writing the case to the General
Administration for Industry and Commerce. The departments for the
administration of industry and Commerce shall, after the foreign
enterprise concerned has gone through the registration procedures, notify
without delay the case to the State Commission for the Administration of
Foreign Investments, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the Ministry of
Public Security, the Customs General Administration, and the State Tax
Bureau under the Ministry of Finance. With respect to foreign enterprises
in the trust and investment trade which apply for the permission to set up
their resident representative offices, after they have obtained the
approval and have gone through the registration procedures, the department
concerned shall at the same time notify the case to the China
International Trust and Investment Corporation.
With respect to those nonprofit foreign economic organizations, which are
the counterparts of the China Council for the Promotion of International
Trade and apply for the permission to set up their resident representative
offices, after they have obtained approval and have gone through the
registration procedures, the department concerned shall at the same time
notify the case to the China Council for the Promotion of International
Trade.
(8) Article 5 of the "Interim Provisions" reads: "Those who have failed to
go through the procedures for registration within the prescribed time
limit, shall return the original certificate of approval". An applicant
shall go through the procedures for registration with the department for
the administration of industry and commerce within 30 days from the day
he/she has received the certificate; if he/she has failed to do so within
prescribed time limit, he/she shall be considered to have withdrawn
automatically the original application, and the certificate of approval
already issued to him/her shall become invalid automatically, and he/she
shall be required to return the certificate of approval to the original
approving organ.
(9) The change of "the location of resident office", as mentioned in
Article 7 of the "Interim Provisions", refers to the change effected
within the same city. However, the change of room number within the same
building shall not be considered as a change of the location of resident
office. The resident representative office concerned is required to
notify, without delay, the case of change of the location of resident
office to the local competent department concerned and also to the
department for registration. In case that the resident representative
office of a foreign enterprise has to change its location at the request
of the competent department concerned of China, the foreign enterprise
concerned shall be required to go through the procedures for the
registration of the change without paying any registration fees.
(10) If the resident representative office of a foreign enterprise wishes
to employ staff members, the case shall be handled in accordance with the
provisions in Document No. 48, signed and issued jointly, in 1981, by the
Ministry of Public Security, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the General
Administration for Industry and Commerce, the Commission for the
Administration of Imports and Exports, and the Ministry of Foreign Trade;
and, in principle, no individual of a third country or Chinese without
regular registered residence in China shall be hired. However, in special
cases, citizens of a third country or individuals from the areas of Hong
Kong and Macao may be engaged with the approval of the local department of
service for foreign affairs and of the labour department.
(11) Article 4 of "Circular Concerning Registration of Resident
Representative Offices of Foreign Enterprises" promulgated by the General
Administration for Industry and Commerce of the People's Republic of China
on December 8, 1980, provides: "the resident representative offices, or
the resident representatives, of foreign enterprises approved by the
competent departments of the people's governments of the province,
municipality directly under the Central Government, and autonomous region"
refer to the resident representative offices of foreign enterprises
approved before the promulgation of the "Interim Provisions" by the State
Council on October 30, 1980. Applications for the setting up of resident
representative offices submitted by foreign enterprises after the
promulgation of the "Interim Provisions" shall be handled in accordance
with the "Interim Provisions".
(12) In the event that foreign businessmen apply for permission to set up
resident representative offices in cities other than Beijing, with the
exception of such trades as banking or air transportation - the
applications shall be submitted directly to the competent departments
listed in Article 4 of the "Interim Provisions", all other trades shall,
in light of the nature of their respective businesses, apply accordingly
to the local bureau of foreign trade or bureau of communications of the
province, municipality directly under the Central Government, or
autonomous region, or to the departments or bureaus in the localities,
which have a direct business relationship with the ministries, commissions
or bureaus under the State Council; and the aforesaid departments shall,
in turn, write their comments on the written applications and forward
same, for examination and approval, to the competent departments concerned
listed in Article 4 of the "Interim Provisions".
(13) With the exception of such trades as banking and air transportation,
in case that foreign businessmen apply for the permission to set up
resident representative offices in the two provinces of Guangdong and
Fujian, their applications shall be submitted to the provincial
governments for examination and approval. In case that resident
representative offices are to be set up in the Shenzhen, Zhuhai and Xiamen
Special Economic Zones, the applications shall be submitted for
examination and approval to the provincial committee for the
administration of special economic zones.
(14) If enterprises established and run abroad by overseas Chinese, by
compatriots from Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan, wish to set up resident
representative offices in China
(including Guangdong and Fujian Provinces and the special economic zones),
their applications shall be dealt with reference to the "Interim
Provisions" and this Clarification.
(15) Should problems arise in the course of the execution of the "Interim
Provisions" and of this Clarification, and that explanation and solutions
are called for, they shall be handled through coordination and
consultation by the State Commission for the Administration of Foreign
Investments.


实体与程序问题之浅析

作者：丛彦国，男，1982年生，黑龙江大学法学院2004级硕士研究生。


一、实体法与程序法分类的质疑
（一）现状
任何试图界定法律程序的努力都无法回避实体法与程序法这两个概念的纠缠。《牛津法律大辞典》对程序法的解释是：“程序法一词最初是由英国法学家边沁创造的类名词，用来表示不同于实体法的法律原则和规范体系。程序法的对象不是人们的权利和义务，而是用来申请、证实或强制实现这些权利义务的手段或保证在它们遭到侵害能够得到补偿。因此，程序法的内容包括关于各法院管辖范围、审判程序、诉讼的提起和审理，证据、上诉、判决和执行，代理和法律援助，上诉费用，文具的交付和登记，以及行政请求和非诉讼请求的程序等方法的原则和制度。”这种对程序法的解释在当时是较全面、权威的，这表明并促使我国学者在较长一段时间内，以此来界定实体法与程序法。即实体法是指以规定和确认权利和义务或职权和职责为主的法律；程序法是指以保证权利和义务得以实现或职权和职责得以履行的有关程序为主的法律。另一种有代表性的界定是以法律的实质及其适用、履行的手续作为分类的标准：实体法是指规定权利义务实质的法律；程序法是指规定适用权利义务方式和条件的法律。还习惯用法律部门来区分实体法与程序法，民法、刑法常被认为是典型的实体法，诉讼法（包括民事诉讼法、刑事诉讼法、行政诉讼法）则是典型的程序法。这些划分对于强调程序的重要性和丰富法学理论有着积极的促进作用，但是这种区分却存在一些问题。
（二）问题
第一，我们在面对实体法与程序法这两个概念时，应与边沁创造和使用这对概念的特定背景相联系。18世纪的英国是典型的普通法系国家，这与我们今天面对的属于大陆法系概念化的成文法是不同的。普通法国家保留着司法实践的直观形式，调整司法过程的程序法与作为裁决依据的实体法之间的区别十分明显；大陆法系国家的成文法已经通过概念化的方式而把法律变成纯粹的文本，排除了法律中的实践因素。一般认为我国属于大陆法系国家，我们如果不考虑这种差别，脱离司法实践，仅仅在文本（法律规范）的层面上寻找程序规则（程序法）与实体规则（实体法）之间的区别自然会十分困难。所以，在使用这对概念的时候，不应该依法律部门的划分或法典（法律规范）的形式来区分实体法与程序法，而应该回到法律的实践过程中，回到司法实践，行政、立法、仲裁等法律实践过程中，以法律程序重新界定程序法。
第二，边沁所称的程序法主要限于对受侵害的权利实施救济的司法程序，相当于今天所称的诉讼法，实体法也是以司法过程中运用的实体规则为准，这在当时是十分明确的。但是，这种划分不涉及宪法、议院程序和行政程序，因为当时的英国还没有建立成熟的行政管理体系，议会的程序属于议会自治的范畴，而且英国至今也没有成文宪法。所以，其不需要考虑宪法、议院程序和行政程序是实体法还是程序法的问题，但是，这些法律都是现今大陆法系国家法律体系的主要组成部分。这种指称对象的扩张不可避免地使这对概念原有的含义的不适应。所以，程序法这一概念的范围可以扩张。
第三，边沁所说的程序问题并不包括私法中的程序。私法中含有大量的程序问题，如缔约的程序问题，公司的成立、决策和解散的程序问题。《合同法》第342条第2款规定：“技术转让合同应当采用书面形式。”这一规定的主要内容应属于程序的范畴，因为当事人想要签定技术转让合同就必须遵守采用合同书形式这一特定程序。同时，如果合同双方当事人在法律实践中发生纠纷，在司法裁决中也会运用这一规定来进行裁决，从而又使其成为一个具有实体意义的规定。
传统的实体法与程序法之分无非是为了强调程序的重要性，实体与程序的不可分性。而通过分析又存在以上一些问题，所以笔者认为，应用法律程序这一概念来取代实体法与程序法的划分，这同样可以达到这一效果并更具合理性。
二、法律程序与法律规范
（一）法律程序
我国通说认为法律程序是由人的活动所表现出来的各种属性所构成的。例如，葛洪义认为，“法律程序是指人们进行法律行为所必须遵循或履行的法定的时间和空间的步骤和方式。”公丕祥认为，“从法理学角度来分析，程序是从事法律行为作出某种决定的过程、方式和关系。过程是时间概念，方式和关系是空间概念。程序就是这样的时空三要素构成的统一体，”“程序就其本位而言是这样一种普遍形态：人们遵循法定的时限和时序并按照法定的方式和关系进行法律行为。”笔者认为，中国是成文法国家，我国的法律规范包含着实体性和程序性的内容，而法律程序这一概念的提出又是为强调程序的重要性及其与实体的密切关系。所以，在我国，应当把法律程序界定为法律的实践过程，包括行政程序、司法程序、立法程序、选举程序以及私法领域的缔约程序，仲裁程序，有关公司和社团的程序规范等所有程序类型的一个通称。这样，便使法律程序与法律规范相对应，这两对概念的区分同样可达到区分实体法与程序法的目的，并且这种区分更符合我国实际。而我国法律规范既包括实体性内容又包括程序性内容，二者很难区分且没有区分的必要。
（二）法律规范
在大陆法系国家，由于所有法律都表现为成文的法律，这些法律文本已经脱离了司法实践，在其中寻找程序性规范与实体性规范的区别很难，但法律中毕竟存在着实体与程序之区别。成文的法律（法律规范）是以权利和义务为内容，因为：第一，法律的要素以法律规则（法律规范）为主，而法律规则（法律规范）中的行为模式是以授权、禁止和命令的形式规定了权利和义务，法律规则（法律规范）的后果就是对权利义务的再分配。第二，法律对人们行为的调整主要是通过权利义务的设定和运行来实现的，因而法律的内容主要表现为权利和义务。第三，权利义务是主体法律地位的体现，权利义务总是被立法者所充分重视，也受社会各成员所关注。权利和义务的法律规定明确地告诉人们可以、应该怎样行为，不可以、不应该怎样行为以及必须怎样行为；人们可根据法律来预先估计自己与他人之间该怎样行为，并预见到行为的后果及法律的态度。所以，在成文法国家，国家通过制定法律规范来规定法律主体的权利义务来调整社会关系，通过权利与义务来分析法律问题应是一种科学的方法。笔者认为，实体与程序的问题在我国法律规范中就表现为法律主体的实体性权利义务与程序性权利义务的相互关系。
三、实体性的权利与程序性的权利
实体性权利是静态意义上的权利，即人们对某种实体利益所具有的受法律保护的资格和权能，这些利益包括生命、名誉、人格、自由和财产等等。程序性权利可以从三方面来理解，以一方当事人为例，对其程序性权利可以进行以下分析：第一，其程序性权利就是其为了行使、主张或保障其实体权利而必须具有的作为一定行为的能力。在这里，其具有某种程序性权利，是因为他具有某种实体性权利。例如《行政诉讼法》第2条规定，“公民、法人或者其他组织认为行政机关和行政机关工作人员的具体行政行为侵犯其合法权益，有权依照本法向人民法院提起诉讼。”显然，这种对程序性权利的理解带有工具主义色彩，即实体权利是目的，程序权利是手段。第二，在某些情况下，法律并没有规定其实体性权利，但其未必不具有程序性权利。在特定的过程中，一方的程序性义务对应着相对方的程序性权利。例如《行政处罚法》第34条第1款，“执法人员当场作出行政处罚决定的，应当向当事人出示执法身份证件，填写预定格式，编有号码的行政处罚决定书。行政处罚决定书应当当场交付当事人。”第三，法律程序除了具有服务于一定实体结果的工具性价值外，还具有其独立的内在价值。所以，在法律实践中，一方当事人在没有法律明文规定的权利，对方也没有程序性义务时，其也可以享有程序性权利。对于程序的内在价值，罗尔斯、萨莫斯、贝勒斯都有论述，一般认为在程序中可以也应当体现当事人的人格尊严，基本人权等等。这些权利通常体现在一国的法律原则或实践中，其也可以理解为当事人的程序性权利。我国宪法第33条第3款规定，“国家尊重和保障人权。”虽然我国宪法还没有司法化，不具有可操作性，但这仍然是当事人的重要权利，即使具体法律法规没有对当事人权利作出明确规定，仍应尊重当事人的这些权利。
笔者认为，一方当事人如果享有实体性权利其必须要履行实体性义务，因为权利和义务是对立统一的关系，而只有其享有程序性权利并履行程序性义务才可使其实体性权利实现，这在前已论述过。这四者统一于这一当事人的法律实践中，任何一者都不可以单独存在，其中程序性权利是最重要的。
四、法律程序与法律规范的统一
法律程序指的是法律的实践过程，不仅包括司法程序，还包括行政程序、立法程序以及准司法的仲裁程序。实体性权利、义务，程序性权利、义务是调节这一互相衔接的法律实践过程的机制。在大陆法系国家，程序性权利、义务，实体性权利、义务都已经被法典化，属于抽象的、概念化的形式法范畴，表现为法律规范，但它却是法律程序中的调节机制，本质上是实践的。但是，不可能用程序性权利、义务来界定法律程序，因为程序性权利义务已经形式化，人们不可能在一个平面空间之中复制出在立体空间中进行的复杂过程。
边沁所称的实体法，在今天看来，其内容包括两方面，一方面直接关系到人们的切身利益，如自由、人格、财产、安全等，另一方面是关于参与各种法律程序的权利，如选举权、诉权、辩护权、知情权等。这些基本权利是人们建立政府或采用相应法律程序的目的和根据所在。前一方面的内容，如财产权利、人身自由等，作为法律规范的价值目标，同时也是各种法律程序所追求的目标；后一方面的内容，如选举权、诉权、辩护权等，又是法律程序自身的合法性源泉。比较而言，法律程序应当是人们为建立和实现这些价值目标而采取的实践步骤。因而，法律规范那些基本价值的实现是任何权宜之计所不能取代的，法律规范上的非议是再精巧的程序设计也无法弥补的。而且，忽视对于作为自身存在基础的那些基本权利的保护，再精巧的制度设计也会变成专制，因为无论怎样设计的制度都不能回避政府由少数人控制这一事实，而其一旦摆脱程序的限制便会成为专制。
但是，这并不可以得出法律程序从属于法律规范，是法律规范的工具。包含实体性权利、义务和程序性权利、义务的法律规范并非在法律程序之上，任何把法律程序看成是手段、工具、办事方法的做法，事实上都是在弱化法律程序的内在价值。错误的原因在于对法律程序与法律规范之间的实践联系被人为的割裂。正是这种割裂，使法律规范被人们当成法律程序之外的、需要借助于法律程序加以实现的客观秩序。这种观念是把法律程序当成是法律规范的实现手段，其实际是把法律程序等同于司法程序，仅仅看到了法律程序的一个环节而忽视了其他环节，特别是立法程序的存在。法律规范是通过立法程序或作为一种惯例由司法程序加以确认的，其产生的本身就离不开法律程序。并且，这种观点没有考虑到不同程序类型之间在功能上的联系，没有考虑到立宪过程的法律程序问题。如果，把法律程序看成是现代国家的组成和决策方式，那么，法律程序就不仅是法律规范的实现条件而且是法律规范存在与实现的制度基础。因此，法律程序不仅是独立的，而且是全部法律实践的制度基础。
这也同时说明了法律程序与法律规范之间的联系是实践意义上的，因为法律规范也可以说其所有的程序性权利、义务和实体性权利、义务都是为行政和司法活动提供依据的。从实践的角度来看，整个法律规范的产生和运作过程，充满着不确定的因素，这主要表现为法律程序与其结果之间不是简单的一对一关系。在任何一个开始的法律程序中，蕴含着各种可能影响其最终结果的因素。因此，对于每一个程序的参加者而言，是重在参与而不在结果，这正是现代国家的游戏规则。实体性的正义也就取决于程序的结果，那些实体性权利或是其抽象价值理念能否实现，取决于程序的机会是否均等、程序安排是否中立、公正等程序问题。法律的正义，说到底也就是程序的正义。

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